反應(yīng)效率決定了供應(yīng)鏈能否順暢流轉(zhuǎn)，許多人說起提高供應(yīng)鏈的反應(yīng)效率，第一時(shí)間就會想到利用自動化技術(shù)取締人工，通過WMS（倉儲管理系統(tǒng)）、TMS（運(yùn)輸管理系統(tǒng)）、OMS（訂單管理系統(tǒng)）來提高企業(yè)協(xié)同，達(dá)到供應(yīng)鏈提速增效的預(yù)想目標(biāo)。
Reaction efficiency determines whether the supply chain can flow smoothly. Many people talk about improving the response efficiency of the supply chain. The first time they think of using automation technology to eliminate labor, through WMS (Warehouse Management System), TMS (Transportation Management System), OMS (Order Management System) to improve enterprise collaboration, to speed up the supply chain. The expected goal of synergy.
理論上沒錯，自動化技術(shù)和信息系統(tǒng)確實(shí)能夠極大程度解決因?yàn)槿斯す芾韼淼恼`差、損耗還有成本問題。但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，有許多企業(yè)砸了高額成本，配備了最先進(jìn)的自動化技術(shù)，引進(jìn)WMS、TMS、OMS信息系統(tǒng) ，但供應(yīng)鏈管理依舊不能盡如人意。
Theoretically, automation and information systems do solve the problems of errors, losses, and costs caused by manual management to a great extent. However, in practical application, many enterprises have spent a lot of money, equipped with the most advanced automation technology, introduced WMS, TMS, OMS information systems, but the supply chain management is still unsatisfactory.
供應(yīng)鏈由采購、生產(chǎn)制造、物流運(yùn)輸、分銷運(yùn)營組合而成，每一個環(huán)節(jié)又會分有很多個小節(jié)點(diǎn)，由物流運(yùn)輸串聯(lián)起來。但第三方物流只是負(fù)責(zé)貨物的流通，并沒有數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)墓δ埽瑢τ诠?yīng)鏈企業(yè)來說，它能獲得的數(shù)據(jù)信息僅限于上一級和下一級企業(yè)，而無法得知整條供應(yīng)鏈的的情況，各個環(huán)節(jié)的企業(yè)又不愿意公開自己的真實(shí)物流情況。彼此孤立、各自為戰(zhàn)，也就是我們常說的“數(shù)據(jù)孤島”現(xiàn)象。
The supply chain is composed of purchasing, manufacturing, logistics transportation and distribution operation. Each link is divided into many small nodes, which are connected by logistics transportation in series. However, the third party logistics is only responsible for the flow of goods, and does not have the function of data transmission. For the supply chain enterprises, the data information it can obtain is limited to the upper and lower levels of enterprises, and can not know the situation of the whole supply chain. Isolated from each other and fighting against each other, that is what we often call "data island" phenomenon.
企業(yè)之間缺乏有效聯(lián)動，加上每個企業(yè)管理、經(jīng)營水平都不盡相同，容易出現(xiàn)各種問題，反饋、解決供應(yīng)鏈問題的時(shí)間成本、溝通成本都太高！尤其是生鮮食品這類原材料采購繁雜、生產(chǎn)制造工藝多的供應(yīng)鏈，供應(yīng)鏈有效管理難上加難。供應(yīng)鏈問題反饋慢、處理難，是反應(yīng)效率低下的真正原因。
The lack of effective linkage between enterprises, coupled with each enterprise management, management level is not the same, prone to a variety of problems, feedback, to solve the supply chain problems of the time cost, communication costs are too high! Especially in the supply chain of raw materials such as fresh food, it is difficult to manage the supply chain effectively. The slow feedback and difficult handling of supply chain are the real reasons for inefficient response.
所以決定供應(yīng)鏈管理反應(yīng)效率并不在于信息技術(shù)的運(yùn)用，而在于如何聯(lián)通供應(yīng)鏈的物流模式。
So the response efficiency of supply chain management is determined not by the use of information technology, but by how to connect the logistics model of supply chain.
如何提高供應(yīng)鏈的反應(yīng)效率
How to improve the efficiency of supply chain
綜上所述，供應(yīng)鏈反應(yīng)效率大體可分為兩部分，第一部分是供應(yīng)鏈企業(yè)內(nèi)部運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)效率，可以通過信息系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行有效管控；第二部分則是供應(yīng)鏈各個節(jié)點(diǎn)之間的流轉(zhuǎn)效率，需要依靠物流服務(wù)模式來實(shí)現(xiàn)。
In summary, the supply chain response efficiency can be divided into two parts. The first part is the internal operation efficiency of supply chain enterprises, which can be effectively controlled by information systems. The second part is the transfer efficiency between the nodes of the supply chain, which needs to be realized by logistics service mode.
而供應(yīng)鏈反應(yīng)效率的重點(diǎn)，就在于如何聯(lián)通各個節(jié)點(diǎn)。
The key to the efficiency of supply chain reaction lies in how to link all nodes.
1. 物流模式由平臺整合向運(yùn)營服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)變
1. logistics mode transformation from platform integration to operation service
供應(yīng)鏈管理其實(shí)就是產(chǎn)品流、信息流、資金流的綜合管理，物流在供應(yīng)鏈三流里面比較特殊，因?yàn)樗葘儆诋a(chǎn)品流的一部分，又包含信息流的一部分，可以說物流就是產(chǎn)品流和信息流的重要組成部分。
Supply chain management is actually the comprehensive management of product flow, information flow and capital flow. Logistics is special in the third flow of supply chain, because it is part of the product flow and contains a part of information flow. It can be said that logistics is an important part of product flow and information flow.
舉個例子：
For instance:
假如你要網(wǎng)購一件商品，那么采購、生產(chǎn)制造、運(yùn)輸、銷售就構(gòu)成了產(chǎn)品流，而你下的訂單信息就形成了信息流，它通過大量的數(shù)據(jù)整合，來反饋這種商品的銷售情況、需求情況，甚至這個地區(qū)的市場需求，通過信息流來對商品、市場進(jìn)行支配。
If you want to buy a commodity online, then purchasing, manufacturing, transportation, sales constitute a product flow, and your order information forms a flow of information, it through a large number of data integration, to feedback the sales of this commodity, demand, and even the market demand in the region, through the flow of information to merchants Products and markets dominate.
在當(dāng)下的平臺整合商模式，每一個環(huán)節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)都是相對獨(dú)立的，供應(yīng)鏈數(shù)據(jù)只能通過整合的形式來進(jìn)行統(tǒng)籌，在這個過程中會存在太多數(shù)據(jù)缺失、數(shù)據(jù)篡改的現(xiàn)象，導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)鏈運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況無法得到真實(shí)還原，提高供應(yīng)鏈反應(yīng)效率也就無從談起。
In the current platform integrator model, the data of each link is relatively independent, and the supply chain data can only be integrated in the form of co-ordination. In this process, there will be too many data missing, data tampering phenomenon, resulting in the operation of the supply chain can not be truly restored, improve the efficiency of supply chain response. There is no way to talk about it.
運(yùn)營服務(wù)的作用在于打通供應(yīng)鏈數(shù)據(jù)孤島。只有在公開透明的供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)境下，通過數(shù)據(jù)信息共享，讓供應(yīng)鏈上的每一個企業(yè)都能夠直觀地看到供應(yīng)鏈流轉(zhuǎn)情況，出現(xiàn)問題能夠第一時(shí)間找到問題所在，進(jìn)行應(yīng)對處理。
The role of operation services is to get rid of the isolated islands of supply chain data. Only in an open and transparent supply chain environment, through data information sharing, so that every enterprise in the supply chain can see the flow of the supply chain intuitively, problems can be found in the first time to deal with the problem.
在供應(yīng)鏈信息共享的狀態(tài)下，物流價(jià)值鏈條也得以重構(gòu)，供應(yīng)鏈需求由末端市場決定，并直接反饋到采購端口，省去供應(yīng)鏈逐級反饋的成本，讓供應(yīng)鏈流轉(zhuǎn)變得更加靈活。
Under the condition of information sharing in the supply chain, the logistics value chain can be reconstructed. Supply chain demand is determined by the end market and is directly fed back to the procurement port. This saves the cost of supply chain feedback step by step and makes the supply chain flow more flexible.
比如生產(chǎn)制造企業(yè)可以直接獲取終端市場對產(chǎn)品的需求情況，包括地域需求量、產(chǎn)品種類、銷售情況等，去制定生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。
For example, the production and manufacturing enterprises can directly obtain the end market demand for products, including regional demand, product types, sales, etc., to formulate production plans.
又或者是物流企業(yè)，通過終端銷售的訂單頻率及銷售量，來鋪設(shè)全國配送網(wǎng)點(diǎn)，提高配送服務(wù)水平。
Or logistics enterprises, through the terminal sales order frequency and sales volume, to lay the national distribution network, improve the level of distribution services.
這都是運(yùn)營服務(wù)模式，對于重構(gòu)價(jià)值鏈條的體現(xiàn)?？梢哉f物流的運(yùn)營服務(wù)模式，并不是簡單地將供應(yīng)鏈流轉(zhuǎn)效率提速，而是通過簡化流程，重構(gòu)價(jià)值，來實(shí)現(xiàn)提質(zhì)增效。
This is all about the operation service mode and the reconstruction of value chain. It can be said that the logistics operation service mode is not simply to speed up the efficiency of supply chain circulation, but by simplifying the process and reconstructing the value to achieve quality and efficiency.
2. 物流模式向運(yùn)營服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)型需要具備什么？
2. what is the need to transform logistics mode to operation service?
（1）需要數(shù)據(jù)載體
(1) data carriers are needed.
在目前企業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)占浳飻?shù)據(jù)的方法主要運(yùn)用RFID電子標(biāo)簽，通過終端掃描來讀取貨物信息。RFID電子標(biāo)簽植入的對象有很多，最常見的有外包裝以及托盤。但如果以外包裝來作為載體，不僅每個產(chǎn)品需要配備RFID電子標(biāo)簽成本過高，逐個進(jìn)行信息掃描同樣或造成人力成本的浪費(fèi)，所以這種做法一般只會用到商品零售的場景（主要是可回收）。在物流環(huán)境，一般都會采用RFID+托盤的形式，以托盤為數(shù)字單元化載體，來對貨物進(jìn)行規(guī)范管理。
At present, the methods of collecting cargo data in enterprise supply chain mainly use RFID tags to read cargo information through terminal scanning. There are many objects for RFID tag, the most common ones are outer packaging and pallets. But if external packaging is used as a carrier, not only does each product need to be equipped with RFID tags that cost too much, but scanned information one by one can also cause a waste of labor costs, so this approach is generally used only in retail scenarios (mainly recyclable). In the logistics environment, RFID + pallets are generally used to standardize the management of goods with pallets as digital unit carriers.
運(yùn)營服務(wù)商想要實(shí)現(xiàn)以托盤為數(shù)據(jù)載體，打通供應(yīng)鏈數(shù)據(jù)孤島，首先要實(shí)現(xiàn)的就是托盤的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和統(tǒng)一租賃化，因為只有統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在交易過程中才可以避免倒箱倒板，實(shí)現(xiàn)“帶板運(yùn)輸”，也只有統(tǒng)一租賃，才能全程完整地記錄貨物的流轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)據(jù)。如果是兩家運(yùn)營商同時(shí)為一條供應(yīng)鏈所服務(wù)，那么最終還是避免不了數(shù)據(jù)整合的現(xiàn)象，這也是統(tǒng)一租賃的意義所在，為了確保數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確和完整性。
Operating service providers want to achieve the tray as the data carrier, to break through the supply chain data island, the first thing to achieve is the standardization and unified leasing of pallets, because only unified standards, in the course of trading can avoid inverted boxes, to achieve "belt transport", and only a unified lease, can the whole process be fully recorded. Record the flow data of goods. If two operators are serving a supply chain at the same time, then ultimately the phenomenon of data integration can not be avoided, which is also the significance of a unified lease, in order to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the data.
國家從2014年就已經(jīng)開始推動標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化托盤的普及，2015年開始推動帶板運(yùn)輸理念。國家層面真正想要實(shí)現(xiàn)的是混亂的托盤市場規(guī)范化，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一租賃，降低國家資源消耗，通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（托盤）和信息化（GS1編碼）為切入點(diǎn)打造智慧型物流。
The state has been promoting the popularization of standardized pallets since 2014, and the concept of belt-plate transportation has been promoted since 2015. What the country really wants to achieve is to standardize the chaotic pallet market, eventually achieve a unified lease, reduce the consumption of national resources, through standardization (pallet) and information (GS1 coding) for the entry point to create smart logistics.
（2）需要具備數(shù)據(jù)運(yùn)營能力
(2) data operation capability is required.
運(yùn)營服務(wù)商需要搭建數(shù)據(jù)平臺，將托盤收集到的所有數(shù)據(jù)通過平臺來與企業(yè)TMS、WMS相對接。企業(yè)可以通過運(yùn)營服務(wù)商的平臺，隨時(shí)查看貨物流轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)據(jù)、運(yùn)輸情況。因?yàn)樵诠?yīng)鏈上所有數(shù)據(jù)都是公開透明的，企業(yè)可以觀察到貨物的來龍去脈，出現(xiàn)問題可以第一時(shí)間找到責(zé)任環(huán)節(jié)。
Operating service providers need to build a data platform to connect all the data collected by pallets with enterprise TMS and WMS through the platform. Enterprises can check the freight flow data and transportation situation at any time through the platform of operation service providers. Because all the data in the supply chain is open and transparent, enterprises can observe the origin and development of goods, problems can be found in the first place the responsibility link.
如運(yùn)輸過程中，貨物所處環(huán)境有無異常、運(yùn)輸路線有無偏差、時(shí)效性能夠保障、有無私自拆封/被掉包等。
For example, in the course of transportation, the environment in which the goods are located is abnormal, the route is deviated, the timeliness is guaranteed, and selflessly unpacked/unpacked.
還有倉儲環(huán)境，貨物什么時(shí)候到倉、貨物數(shù)量有多少、需要儲存多長時(shí)間、貨物出倉后流轉(zhuǎn)到那里等。
There are also warehousing environment, when the goods arrive in the warehouse, the quantity of goods, how long they need to be stored, and the goods flow there after they leave the warehouse.
這一些都需要通過運(yùn)營服務(wù)商對貨物數(shù)據(jù)的分析管理，實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間的數(shù)據(jù)聯(lián)通，來提高整條供應(yīng)鏈的反應(yīng)效率。其次，企業(yè)也可以讓運(yùn)營服務(wù)商提供數(shù)據(jù)分析服務(wù)，通過整條供應(yīng)鏈，乃至整個行業(yè)所有貨物的流量、流向、流速，來優(yōu)化企業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈，制定日后發(fā)展計(jì)劃。
All of these need to improve the response efficiency of the whole supply chain through the analysis and management of the cargo data by operation service providers to realize the data link between enterprises. Secondly, enterprises can also let operators provide data analysis services, through the entire supply chain, and even the entire industry all goods flow, flow direction, flow rate, to optimize the enterprise supply chain, formulate future development plans.
從順豐京東大戰(zhàn)，再到阿里建立菜鳥體系，歸根結(jié)底還是在于數(shù)據(jù)的爭奪，對于物流乃至整條供應(yīng)鏈，數(shù)據(jù)終究會是決定供應(yīng)鏈未來發(fā)展的決定因素。
From the Beijing-East War in Shunfeng to the establishment of a rookie-bird system in Ali, the final analysis is still the contest for data. For logistics and even the entire supply chain, data will ultimately determine the future development of the supply chain.
所以決定供應(yīng)鏈管理效率的決定點(diǎn)并不在于信息技術(shù)應(yīng)用，而在于運(yùn)營模式。在如今的物流發(fā)展中，企業(yè)需要對供應(yīng)鏈、對貨物進(jìn)行更有效的管理。無論是平臺整合朝運(yùn)營服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)型也好，將區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)加入到供應(yīng)鏈也好，方式不一樣，但目的都是一樣的，那就是打造一個更加高效、更加透明的供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)境。
Therefore, the key to determine the efficiency of supply chain management is not the application of information technology, but the operation mode. In today's logistics development, enterprises need to manage the supply chain and goods more effectively. Whether it is a transition from platform integration to operational services, or the integration of block chain technology into the supply chain, the way is different, but the purpose is the same, that is, to create a more efficient and transparent supply chain environment.
轉(zhuǎn)自物流技術(shù)與應(yīng)用
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