中美貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)木材價(jià)格上漲，物流托盤首當(dāng)其沖
Sino US trade war timber prices rise, logistics pallets bear the brunt
在8月初，美國(guó)宣布將對(duì)2000億美元中國(guó)產(chǎn)品的征稅稅率由10%提高至25%。隨后中方迅速做出回應(yīng)，對(duì)原產(chǎn)于美國(guó)的5207個(gè)稅目約600億美元商品，加征25%-5%不等的關(guān)稅，其中就包括了原產(chǎn)于美國(guó)的原木及木制品。
In early August, the United States announced that it would raise the tax rate of $200 billion on Chinese products from 10% to 25%. Subsequently, China quickly responded by imposing tariffs ranging from 25% to 5% on about $60 billion of 5207 items of goods originating in the United States, including logs and wood products originating in the United States.
眾所周知，近年來(lái)為了保護(hù)森林資源，維持生態(tài)平衡，國(guó)內(nèi)許多林區(qū)逐漸被禁止商業(yè)性砍伐，木材的進(jìn)口需求大幅提升。
As we all know, in recent years, in order to protect forest resources and maintain ecological balance, many domestic forest areas are gradually prohibited from commercial logging, and the import demand of timber has increased significantly.
如今對(duì)美國(guó)進(jìn)口木材的加征關(guān)稅，國(guó)內(nèi)木材價(jià)格勢(shì)必上漲！
Today, tariffs on timber imported from the United States will rise.
其實(shí)不單單是美國(guó)的因素，隨著世界各國(guó)環(huán)保意識(shí)的加強(qiáng)，對(duì)于原木出口的政策也是越來(lái)越嚴(yán)格，好比如烏克蘭明年開(kāi)始限制原木貿(mào)易暫停木材出口，越南木材市場(chǎng)關(guān)稅上漲25%等等，木材上漲這其實(shí)是大勢(shì)所趨。
Actually, it is not only the United States, but also the policy of log export is becoming more and more stringent with the enhancement of environmental protection consciousness in the world. For example, Ukraine will start to restrict log trade to suspend timber export next year, and Vietnam's timber market tariff will rise by 25%. This is the trend of the times.
木材價(jià)格上漲，物流托盤首當(dāng)其沖
Timber prices rise, logistics pallets bear the brunt.
對(duì)于物流托盤來(lái)說(shuō)，使用最多的就是木質(zhì)托盤。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，截止2017年年底，國(guó)內(nèi)托盤存量已經(jīng)超過(guò)了12.63億片，其中木托盤占比達(dá)到了73%，排第二的塑料托盤占比僅有19%，國(guó)內(nèi)托盤市場(chǎng)對(duì)于木材的需求十分龐大。
For logistics pallets, wooden pallets are the most used ones. According to statistics, by the end of 2017, the domestic pallet stock has exceeded 1.263 billion pieces, of which wood pallets accounted for 73%, plastics pallets accounted for only 19%, the domestic pallet Market for wood demand is very large.
加之木托盤壽命一般都在1年左右，每年生產(chǎn)率占比高達(dá)78%，當(dāng)木材價(jià)格上漲，不但木托盤成本會(huì)隨之上漲，企業(yè)物流成本也在成倍數(shù)變相增加。
In addition, the life of wooden pallets is generally about one year, annual productivity accounted for as high as 78%, when the price of wood rises, not only the cost of wooden pallets will rise, but also the logistics cost of enterprises will increase exponentially.
為什么木托盤占比如此之高？
Why is wooden pallet occupied so high?
木托盤優(yōu)勢(shì)是顯而易見(jiàn)的，那就是成本相對(duì)其他材質(zhì)，較為低廉！
The advantage of wooden pallets is obvious, that is, the cost is lower than other materials.
按照市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，木托盤價(jià)格在150元左右，而塑料托盤一般都在250元以上，塑料要比木材更貴。加之目前絕大多數(shù)物流業(yè)、制造業(yè)沒(méi)有辦法地對(duì)托盤進(jìn)行有效管理，導(dǎo)致托盤丟失率極高，一旦出了倉(cāng)庫(kù)，除非安排專門的物流人員跟車盤點(diǎn)，否則根本無(wú)從管理和追蹤。
According to market prices, wooden pallets are around 150 yuan, while plastic pallets are generally more than 250 yuan, plastic is more expensive than wood. In addition, most of the current logistics industry, manufacturing industry can not effectively manage the pallet, resulting in a very high rate of pallet loss, once out of the warehouse, unless the arrangement of special logistics personnel and inventory, otherwise there is no way to manage and track.
托盤得不到有效管理，一次性使用情況太多，尤其是異地運(yùn)輸，在高昂的物流成本面前，企業(yè)也只能選擇丟棄托盤，種種的原因制約下，很多企業(yè)更愿意使用造價(jià)更為便宜的木托盤。
Pallets can not be effectively managed, too many disposable situations, especially in the face of high logistics costs, enterprises can only choose to discard pallets, for various reasons, many enterprises are more willing to use cheaper wooden pallets.
從根本原因上看，木托盤使用率遠(yuǎn)高于塑料托盤，并非因?yàn)橘|(zhì)量更好、適用場(chǎng)景更廣，而是在物流管理水平不足的情況下，企業(yè)只能選擇物流成本更低的木質(zhì)托盤！
Fundamentally, wooden pallets are much more efficient than plastic pallets, not because of better quality, more applicable scenes, but because of the lack of logistics management level, enterprises can only choose wooden pallets with lower logistics costs!
然而，這個(gè)現(xiàn)象隨著木材價(jià)格上漲，即將被打破。
However, this phenomenon is about to be broken as timber prices rise.
托盤的使用成本太高，企業(yè)該如何應(yīng)對(duì)？
How to cope with the high cost of pallets?
上面說(shuō)到木托盤使用率如此之高，關(guān)鍵原因在于成本。那么物流企業(yè)如何解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題呢？
It says that the utilization rate of wooden pallets is so high that the key reason is the cost. How do logistics enterprises solve this problem?
1.選用其他材質(zhì)的托盤
1. choose pallets with other materials.
隨著國(guó)內(nèi)環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)的增強(qiáng)，對(duì)于托盤循環(huán)利用的理念迅速普及，國(guó)內(nèi)塑料托盤占比出現(xiàn)了逐年遞增，其中使用率最多的屬聚丙烯（PP）、聚乙烯（PE）為主，還有其他新型復(fù)合材料等。截至2017年年底，塑料托盤占比已經(jīng)超過(guò)了19%，而且還在逐年上升。
With the increasing awareness of environmental protection in China, the concept of recycling pallets has been popularized rapidly, and the proportion of plastic pallets in China has increased year by year. Among them, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) are the most frequently used, and other new composite materials. By the end of 2017, the proportion of plastic pallets has exceeded 19%, and it is increasing year by year.
盡管在前期投入，塑料托盤仍然要比當(dāng)前的木質(zhì)托盤成本高昂，但從年均攤銷來(lái)算，木托盤使用壽命平均在一年左右，而塑料托盤的壽命在3-5年，年均成本比木質(zhì)托盤更低。加上塑料托盤可以廣泛應(yīng)用到生鮮冷鏈、醫(yī)藥、食品等眾多行業(yè)，性價(jià)比要比木質(zhì)托盤更高。
Although plastic pallets are still more expensive than current wooden pallets in the early stages of investment, the average life of wooden pallets is about one year in terms of annual amortization, whereas plastic pallets last about three to five years and the average annual cost is lower than wooden pallets. Plus plastic pallets can be widely used in fresh cold chain, medicine, food and many other industries, cost-effective than wood pallets higher.
目前國(guó)內(nèi)許多大型制造業(yè)、物流業(yè)使用的都是塑料托盤，通過(guò)購(gòu)買或者租賃的方式，來(lái)滿足企業(yè)生產(chǎn)、流轉(zhuǎn)的需求。這些企業(yè)也在探索如何進(jìn)行托盤管理，來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)存量托盤的循環(huán)利用，進(jìn)一步降低物流成本。
At present, many large-scale manufacturing and logistics industries in China use plastic pallets to meet the production and circulation needs of enterprises by means of purchase or lease. These enterprises are also exploring how to carry out pallet management to achieve the recycling of inventory pallets and further reduce logistics costs.
2.實(shí)現(xiàn)帶板運(yùn)輸
2. realize belt transportation
帶板運(yùn)輸，其實(shí)就是托盤循環(huán)共用的重要體現(xiàn)。目前國(guó)內(nèi)托盤存量過(guò)剩最主要的原因，就是因?yàn)橥斜P規(guī)格、材質(zhì)的不統(tǒng)一，企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)帶板運(yùn)輸，每個(gè)企業(yè)除了需要儲(chǔ)備倉(cāng)庫(kù)托盤以外，還需要額外準(zhǔn)備周轉(zhuǎn)、裝卸的物流托盤。
Belt transport is an important manifestation of the sharing of pallets. At present, the main reason for excess domestic pallet stock is that the pallet specifications and materials are not uniform, enterprises and enterprises can not achieve belt transportation, each enterprise in addition to the need to reserve warehouse pallets, but also need to prepare additional turnover, loading and unloading of logistics pallets.
A企業(yè)交貨給B企業(yè)，需要準(zhǔn)備1萬(wàn)個(gè)物流托盤進(jìn)行裝卸，那么A、B企業(yè)各自都需要準(zhǔn)備1萬(wàn)個(gè)托盤，才能滿足交易需求。如果在帶板運(yùn)輸?shù)臓顟B(tài)下，那么就不需要雙方都準(zhǔn)備托盤來(lái)交易，只需要托盤+貨物一起交接，不但提高了交易效率，還不需要額外的托盤成本。
Enterprise A to B delivery, need to prepare 10,000 logistics pallets for loading and unloading, then A, B enterprises need to prepare 10,000 pallets to meet the transaction needs. If in the condition of belt conveyor, then both sides do not need to prepare pallets to trade, just need pallets + goods to hand over together, not only improves the transaction efficiency, but also does not require additional pallet costs.
帶板運(yùn)輸?shù)淖饔镁褪峭ㄟ^(guò)降低貨物重復(fù)裝卸、盤點(diǎn)，防止倒箱倒板，來(lái)提高供應(yīng)鏈上鞋企業(yè)協(xié)同管理，同時(shí)降低供應(yīng)鏈對(duì)托盤需求，降低物流成本。
The role of strip transportation is to improve the collaborative management of shoe enterprises in the supply chain by reducing the repeated loading and unloading of goods, inventory, and preventing the reversal of boxes.
但要實(shí)現(xiàn)帶板運(yùn)輸，首先要解決的就是托盤標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和租賃化，只有供應(yīng)鏈企業(yè)統(tǒng)一使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)托盤，統(tǒng)一租賃，才能更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)帶板運(yùn)輸。
But in order to realize the strip transportation, the first thing to be solved is the standardization and leasing of pallets. Only when the supply chain enterprises use the standard pallets and lease them, can the strip transportation be better realized.
目前在托盤標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的道路上，隨著國(guó)家政策鼓勵(lì)與扶持，托盤市場(chǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化占比也在逐年上升，截至到2017年年底，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化占比已經(jīng)達(dá)到了28%。
At present, on the road of pallet standardization, with the encouragement and support of national policies, the proportion of pallet market standardization is also rising year by year. By the end of 2017, the proportion of standardization has reached 28%.
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化是阻礙帶板運(yùn)輸、循環(huán)共用最關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)，但國(guó)內(nèi)存量托盤過(guò)剩，想要在短時(shí)間內(nèi)全部替換不太現(xiàn)實(shí)，只能循環(huán)漸進(jìn)。
Standardization is one of the most important factors that hinder strip transportation and recycling. However, domestic stocks of pallets are excessive. It is unrealistic to replace all pallets in a short period of time, so we can only recycle gradually.
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