近年來，無人機技術的發(fā)展延續(xù)到了軍事領域，逐漸的也在物流行業(yè)盛行。在趨勢明確的情況下，我們應該如何應對？
In recent years, the development of UAV technology has extended to the military field, and has gradually become popular in the logistics industry. What should we do when the trend is clear?
近年來，隨著無人機技術在軍事領域的逐漸成熟，以及制造簡易、成本低等優(yōu)勢，民用市場上的無人機應用已越來越廣泛，覆蓋了空中拍照、農(nóng)林植保、電力巡線等領域，并有向物流配送領域發(fā)展的趨勢。相關數(shù)據(jù)顯示，我國民用無人駕駛航空器的持有量已經(jīng)達到了百萬架，并大有在通用航空、貨運航空等諸多領域，替代有人駕駛航空器的勢。
In recent years, with the gradual maturity of UAV technology in the military field, as well as the advantages of simple manufacturing and low cost, UAV application in the civil market has become more and more extensive, covering aerial photography, agricultural and forestry plant protection, power line patrol and other fields, and has the trend of development in the field of logistics and distribution. Relevant data show that China's civil unmanned aircraft holdings have reached a million, and there are a lot of general aviation, cargo aviation and many other fields, the potential to replace manned aircraft.
對于無人機的快速發(fā)展，我國政府一直持開放包容的態(tài)度，工業(yè)和信息化部于2017年聯(lián)合國家有關部門發(fā)布了《無人駕駛航空器系統(tǒng)標準體系建設指南（2017-2018年版）》，提出我國無人機發(fā)展目標是到2020年，民用無人機產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)值達到600億元，同時民航局制定了無人機運行的相關政策和標準，對駕駛員從業(yè)條件和無人機的運行標準進行了明確。隨著無人機從事經(jīng)營性活動在國內(nèi)的開展，越來越多的企業(yè)開始申請使用無人機開展物流配送業(yè)務。
With regard to the rapid development of UAVs, the Chinese government has been open and inclusive. In 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Guidelines for the Standard System Construction of UAVs (2017-2018 edition). It proposed that the development goal of UAVs in China is to achieve the output value of the civil UAV industry by 2020. At the same time, the Civil Aviation Administration has formulated relevant policies and standards for the operation of UAVs, and made clear the conditions for pilots and the operating standards of UAVs. With the development of UAV business activities in China, more and more enterprises begin to apply for the use of UAV to carry out logistics distribution business.
無人機相關管理政策開放又嚴格
UAV related management policy is open and strict.
美國FAA要求重量在0.55磅~55磅(約合0.25公斤~25公斤)的業(yè)余無人機必須注冊，對于2016年2月19日之后還未登記的無人機將處以最高27500美元的刑事和民事處罰，最高可判處3年監(jiān)禁。FAA的107部法案要求自2016年8月起，在美國領土內(nèi)的民用無人機，都需要按照107部運行，且重量不得大于55磅（25公斤），只能白天在目視視距內(nèi)運行，可以開展有償商業(yè)運輸。法國規(guī)定無人機只能在白天飛行，高度不能超過150米，無人機進入受控空域或者限制空域需要事先授權。英國禁止使用20公斤以上的無人機，禁止無人機在航道150米范圍內(nèi)運行，同時規(guī)定無人機與其他航空器的距離需超過50米。
The FAA requires amateur UAVs weighing between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 0.25 and 25 kilograms) to be registered. Unregistered UAVs that have not been registered since February 19, 2016 will be subject to a maximum criminal and civil penalty of $27,500 and a maximum of three years'imprisonment. The FAA's 107 Acts require that, from August 2016, all civil UAVs operating on U.S. territory should be operated in 107 units, weighing no more than 55 pounds (25 kilograms), operating only within visual range during the day, allowing for Paid Commercial transport. France stipulates that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can only fly during the day, and the altitude can not exceed 150 meters. The entry of UAVs into controlled or restricted airspace requires prior authorization. Britain banned the use of more than 20 kilograms of unmanned aerial vehicles, banned unmanned aerial vehicles operating within 150 meters of the waterway, and stipulated that the distance between unmanned aerial vehicles and other aircraft should be more than 50 meters.
我國先后出臺了多項規(guī)章對無人機運行標準進行了明確，其中民航局飛標司發(fā)布的《民用無人機駕駛員管理規(guī)定》表示，在人煙稀少、空曠的非人口稠密區(qū)進行試驗的無人機，由無人機系統(tǒng)駕駛員自行負責，無須證照管理。
China has promulgated a number of regulations to clarify the operating standards of UAVs, of which the Civil Aviation Administration Flying Standards Division issued the "Civil UAV Driver Management Regulations" that, in sparsely populated, open non-densely populated areas for testing UAVs, UAV system pilots are responsible for their own, without licence management.
2015年12月發(fā)布的《輕小無人機運行規(guī)定（試行）》要求對于重點地區(qū)和機場凈空區(qū)以下使用的Ⅱ類和Ⅴ類的民用無人機，應接入無人機云，或者僅將其地面操控設備位置信息接入無人機云，報告頻率最少每分鐘一次。對于Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ類的民用無人機應接入無人機云，在人口稠密區(qū)報告頻率最少每秒一次。在非人口稠密區(qū)報告頻率最少每30秒一次。民航局適航審定司發(fā)布的《民用無人駕駛航空器實名制登記管理規(guī)定》要求自2017年6月1日起，民用無人機的擁有者必須按照本管理規(guī)定的要求進行實名登記。
The "Running Regulations for Light and Small UAVs (Trial Implementation)" issued in December 2015 requires that UAVs of Class II and V used in key areas and airport clearance areas should be connected to the UAV cloud, or only their ground control equipment location information should be connected to the UAV cloud, reporting frequency at least once a minute. Civil UAV classes III, IV, VI and_should be accessed to the UAV cloud and reported at least once a second in densely populated areas. Reporting frequency is at least once every 30 seconds in non densely populated areas. The Regulations on the Administration of Real-name Registration of Civil Unmanned Aerial Vehicles issued by the Airworthiness Certification Division of the Civil Aviation Administration require the owners of civil unmanned aerial vehicles to register in real names in accordance with the requirements of these Regulations as of June 1, 2017.
2017年8月31日后，民用無人機擁有者，如果未按照本管理規(guī)定實施實名登記和粘貼登記標志的，其行為將被視為違反法規(guī)的非法行為，其無人機的使用將受影響，監(jiān)管主管部門將按照相關規(guī)定進行處罰。2016年9月，民航局空管行業(yè)管理辦公室發(fā)布《民用無人駕駛航空器系統(tǒng)空中交通管理辦法》，其中明確規(guī)定飛行密集區(qū)、人口稠密區(qū)、重點地區(qū)、繁忙機場周邊空域，原則上不劃設民用無人駕駛航空器飛行空域。
After August 31, 2017, if the civil UAV owner fails to implement the real-name registration and paste registration marks in accordance with the provisions of this Administration, his behavior will be deemed to be illegal violations of laws and regulations, the use of UAV will be affected, and the competent regulatory authorities will be punished in accordance with the relevant provisions. In September 2016, the Air Traffic Management Office of the Civil Aviation Administration issued the "Measures for Air Traffic Control of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems", which clearly stipulates the flight-intensive areas, densely populated areas, key areas, and airspace around busy airports, and in principle does not delimit the flight space of civil unmanned aircraft.
2018年6月1日開始執(zhí)行的《民用無人駕駛航空器經(jīng)營性飛行活動管理辦法（暫行）》對使用無人機從事多種經(jīng)營性活動進行了規(guī)范，明確無人機可以從事的經(jīng)營活動，但是無人機物流配送并未納入其中。
The Regulations on the Management of Commercial Flight Activities of Civil Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Interim) implemented on June 1, 2018 regulate the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for diversified business activities and make it clear that UAVs can engage in business activities, but the logistics and distribution of UAVs are not included.
從我國與世界各國的無人機管理政策對比可以看出，首先無人機需要登記注冊，明確其身份；其次基本上都依據(jù)無人機的重量進行分級分類，對不同的級別有不同的運行限制條件；第三，對于無人機的運行空域進行了區(qū)分對待，民航飛行密集區(qū)、重點地區(qū)一般不劃設無人機飛行空域，而對于非人口稠密地區(qū)則運行限制較少；第四，對于無人機從事商業(yè)活動，各國態(tài)度各異，有的允許，有的不允許。我國允許從事經(jīng)營性活動，但是經(jīng)營范圍有所限制。
From the comparison of UAV management policies between China and other countries in the world, we can see that first, UAVs need to register and identify themselves; secondly, they are basically classified according to the weight of UAVs, with different operating restrictions for different levels; thirdly, the operating airspace of UAVs is treated differently. Fourthly, there are different attitudes towards the commercial activities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), some with or without permission. China is allowed to engage in business activities, but its scope of operation is limited.
總體來講，大部分國家對無人機飛行持開放態(tài)度，但是考慮到無人機的安全性尚不穩(wěn)定和無人機在融合空域運行的指揮難度，各國均對無人機運行制定了詳細的規(guī)定，可以看出這種開放程度是有限的。
Generally speaking, most countries are open to UAV flight. However, considering the unstable safety of UAV and the difficulty of commanding UAV operation in the integrated airspace, many countries have formulated detailed regulations on UAV operation, which can be seen that the degree of openness is limited.
無人機物流配送的優(yōu)勢顯而易見
The advantages of UAV logistics distribution are obvious.
隨著網(wǎng)絡消費在我國的崛起，物流已經(jīng)成為我國經(jīng)濟的一個重要增長點。據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2017年我國快遞業(yè)務量400.6億件，同比增長28%；快遞業(yè)務收入4957.1億元，同比增長24.7%。2018年1月~5月，全國快遞業(yè)務量178.5億件，同比增長28.3%；快遞業(yè)務收入2236.4億元，同比增長27%。在目前的快遞體系中，每一單快遞都是有快遞員收件、派件完成的，如果使用無人機開展快遞業(yè)務，將減少人力和運力成本，能更加有效地提高配送效率。
With the rise of network consumption in China, logistics has become an important growth point of our economy. According to the data, in 2017, China's express business volume of 40.6 billion pieces, an increase of 28%; express business revenue 495.71 billion yuan, an increase of 24.7%. In January 2018 ~5, the National Express business volume was 17 billion 850 million, an increase of 28.3% over the same period.
無人機物流，不受地形限制。從順豐在江西贛州南康北五鄉(xiāng)開展的無人機物流配送試點來看，江西贛州屬于丘陵地帶，農(nóng)戶居住的較為分散，往往是一個山坳里一個村，而且山路崎嶇，由快遞員開展配送的話，經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)送一個快遞要鉆一個山坳，取一個快遞
要翻一座小山的情況，大量的人力和物力都浪費在路途上。無人機不受地形限制，且飛行路線基本為直線，從現(xiàn)場試點的情況看，平常開車20分鐘的路線，由無人機飛行的話，僅需要5分鐘。能節(jié)省大量的人力和時間成本。
UAV logistics is not restricted by terrain. From Shunfeng's pilots of UAV logistics and distribution in Nankangbei five townships in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou belongs to hilly areas. Farmers live in scattered areas, often in a hill and a village, and the mountain road is rugged. express To turn over a hill, a lot of manpower and material resources are wasted on the road. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is not restricted by terrain, and the flight route is basically straight line. According to the situation of field test, it only takes 5 minutes to drive for 20 minutes. It can save a lot of manpower and time cost.
以目前在江西省贛州市南康區(qū)開展的無人機物流配送試點為例，2018年4月~6月無人機經(jīng)營性運輸快件277件，單次飛行運輸成本約15元，成本主要包括電費、耗材（電池為主）、人力等經(jīng)營性成本，如果載重量合理利用，預計平均成本小于5元/件。同期其地面快件2054件，地面運輸單票成本約23元，較現(xiàn)有無人機運輸成本高53%，是預期無人機運輸成本的3.6倍左右。
Taking Nankang District of Ganzhou City in Jiangxi Province as an example, 277 business-oriented UAV express shipments were carried out from April to June 2018. The cost of single flight transportation is about 15 yuan. The cost mainly includes the operating costs of electricity, batteries and manpower. If the load is used reasonably, the average is expected. The cost is less than 5 yuan / piece. During the same period, 2054 pieces of surface express, the cost of single ticket for surface transportation is about 23 yuan, 53% higher than the existing UAV transportation cost, and about 3.6 times the expected UAV transportation cost.
無人機物流，不受交通狀況和時間限制。在急件運輸中，最怕遇到堵車和交通管制情況，如果使用無人機來運輸急件，可以有效的解決交通擁堵導致的無法順利運輸?shù)膯栴}。
UAV logistics is not subject to traffic conditions and time constraints. In the emergency transport, the most afraid of traffic congestion and traffic control, if the use of UAVs to transport emergency, can effectively solve the traffic congestion caused by the problem of unable to smoothly transport.
由于無人機對于障礙物的控制采用的是紅外掃描和雷達掃描方式，不受可見光的影響，且無人機的操控是通過通信鏈路遠程控制，在白天和黑夜運行的標準一致，因此，無人機可以做到全天候運行。相較于需要駕駛員的飛行器來講，其在全天范圍可運行的時間更長，受限制更少。
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) control obstacles by infrared scanning and radar scanning mode, not affected by visible light, and UAVs control is remote control through communication links, operating in the daytime and night the same standard, therefore, UAVs can be able to run around the clock. Compared with aircraft requiring pilots, they can operate for longer periods of time throughout the day and are less restricted.
農(nóng)村先行發(fā)展積累運行經(jīng)驗
Rural development and operation experience
根據(jù)相關統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，2017年末全國總人口為13.9億，城鎮(zhèn)常住人口為8.1億，農(nóng)村常住人口為5.8億，農(nóng)村國土面積約占全國國土面積90%以上，人口分布稀疏。而且農(nóng)村地形復雜，有山區(qū)、高原、林地，能充分發(fā)揮無人機運輸?shù)膬?yōu)勢。具體來講，在農(nóng)村開展無人機物流配送具有以下一些優(yōu)勢：
According to the relevant statistical data, the total population of China was 1.39 billion at the end of 2017, the permanent population of cities and towns was 810 million, the permanent population of rural areas was 580 million, the rural area accounted for more than 90% of the national land area, and the population distribution was sparse. Moreover, the rural terrain is complex, with mountainous areas, highlands and woodlands, which can give full play to the advantages of UAV transportation. Specifically, the UAV logistics distribution in rural areas has the following advantages:
空域劃設簡便。我國空域的管理依據(jù)是《民用無人駕駛航空器系統(tǒng)空中交通管理辦法》，在該辦法中明確規(guī)定，“無人機飛行應當為其單獨劃設隔離空域，飛行密集區(qū)、人口稠密區(qū)、重點地區(qū)、繁忙機場周邊空域，原則上不劃設無人機飛行空域。”有機場的城市，肯定是屬于飛行密集區(qū)，而沒有機場的城市，也可能設有空管導航設施，同屬于飛行密集區(qū)，不適合劃設無人機的飛行空域。相比較來講，農(nóng)村人口稀疏，重點目標少，具備劃設隔離空域的先天條件，而且農(nóng)村土地面積較大，可以劃設較大范圍的隔離空域。
Airspace planning is simple. China's airspace management is based on the "Civil Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System Air Traffic Management Measures", which clearly stipulates that "unmanned aerial vehicle flights should be separately divided into isolated airspace, flight-intensive areas, densely populated areas, key areas, busy airport surrounding airspace, in principle, not divided into unmanned aerial vehicle flying space. Field. " Cities with airports are certainly flight-intensive areas, and cities without airports may also have air traffic control and navigation facilities, which are both flight-intensive areas and are not suitable for the delimitation of UAV flight areas. Comparatively speaking, the rural population is sparse, the key objectives are few, with the congenital conditions for the establishment of isolated airspace, and the rural land area is large, can be divided into a larger range of isolated airspace.
此外，通信及電磁環(huán)境較好也是農(nóng)村的優(yōu)勢。由于農(nóng)村的電信網(wǎng)絡建設是在城市網(wǎng)絡建設之后，具備了一定的后發(fā)優(yōu)勢，相比較城市來講，設備、相關技術更新，電信網(wǎng)絡保障能力更強。同時由于農(nóng)村人口分散，網(wǎng)絡密度沒有城市高，因此網(wǎng)絡故障率也比城市低。加上農(nóng)村的無線電用戶少，電磁環(huán)境也比城市好很多，適合使用無線電（民用頻率）作為通信鏈路的無人機飛行。
In addition, better communication and electromagnetic environment is also the advantage of rural areas. Because the rural telecommunication network construction is after the urban network construction, with a certain advantage of backwardness, compared with the city, equipment, related technology updates, telecommunication network security capability is stronger. At the same time, because the rural population is dispersed, the network density is not as high as the city, so the network failure rate is also lower than the city. With fewer radio users in the countryside, the electromagnetic environment is much better than that in the city. It is suitable for UAV flying with radio (civil frequency) as communication link.
說到安全成本也是重點。無人機的安全成本主要在于兩個方面，一個是為確保無人機安全運行本身相關硬件、軟件投入，另一個是發(fā)生第三方責任事件后產(chǎn)生的賠償成本。就自身安全投入來講，使用無人機開展快遞業(yè)務，需要建設運行控制中心，如果在城市建設的話，用地成本會遠高于農(nóng)村。目前，無人機的技術尚未完全成熟，各種關鍵系統(tǒng)正處于研發(fā)、測試階段，如果在城市內(nèi)運行，運行風險較大。此外，城市中樓宇眾多、架空線復雜、電磁環(huán)境惡劣、人口密集，易發(fā)生無人機傷人、傷物的情況，對城市安全運行會產(chǎn)生很大的影響。無人機在地廣人稀的農(nóng)村運行，所產(chǎn)生傷害的概率會低很多，一般也不會產(chǎn)生二次傷害。
Speaking of safety costs is also the key. The safety cost of UAV mainly lies in two aspects, one is to ensure the safe operation of UAV itself related hardware and software investment, the other is the compensation cost after the occurrence of third-party liability incidents. In terms of its own safety input, the use of UAVs to carry out express business needs to build operation control center, if in urban construction, the cost of land will be much higher than in rural areas. At present, the UAV technology is not yet fully mature, a variety of key systems are in the research and development, testing stage, if operating in the city, the operational risk is greater. In addition, many buildings, complex overhead lines, poor electromagnetic environment and dense population in the city are prone to UAV injuries and injuries, which will have a great impact on the safe operation of the city. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operate in a sparsely populated rural area, resulting in a much lower probability of injury, and generally do not produce secondary damage.
大量的快遞需求是農(nóng)村市場現(xiàn)狀，不可小視。截止2017年6月，我國有2.1億農(nóng)村網(wǎng)絡用戶，農(nóng)村互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率達到34%，25.1%的村有電子商務配送站點。
A large number of express demand is the status quo of the rural market. As of June 2017, China has 210 million rural network users, rural Internet penetration rate reached 34%, 25.1% of the villages have e-commerce distribution sites.
2016年，我國農(nóng)村網(wǎng)絡零售額為8945億元，農(nóng)村網(wǎng)店帶動就業(yè)人數(shù)為2000萬，快遞網(wǎng)點鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)覆蓋率已經(jīng)達到80%，農(nóng)村地區(qū)收件、投遞包裹數(shù)量達到80億件，有1000億元的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品外銷?？梢钥闯觯覈r(nóng)村有大量的快遞需求，有足夠的業(yè)務量可以承載無人機物流配送的運行。
In 2016, China's rural network retail sales amounted to 894.5 billion yuan, the number of rural shop-led employment was 20 million, the express delivery network coverage of villages and towns has reached 80%, the number of rural receipts, delivery packages reached 8 billion, 100 billion yuan of agricultural products exported. It can be seen that China's rural areas have a large number of express demand, there is enough business to carry the operation of UAV logistics distribution.
我國農(nóng)村地形復雜多樣，包括高原、山地、林地、丘陵，而且我國南北緯度跨越較大，氣候條件迥異，無人機在這些地區(qū)運行，可以積累在不同地形、不同氣候條件下的運行經(jīng)驗，為將來進入城市運行打下基礎。
China's rural terrain is complex and diverse, including plateau, mountainous, woodland, hilly, and China's north-south latitude across a larger, climate conditions are very different, UAV operation in these areas, can accumulate operating experience in different terrain, different climate conditions, for the future into the city to lay the foundation for operation.
當下，中國經(jīng)濟目前正在轉換“新引擎”，無人機物流配送兼具物流業(yè)和無人機業(yè)的特點，無人機應用于物流配送具有很大的潛力，是物流業(yè)未來的大趨勢，在趨勢明確的情況下，我們應該如何應對？對于目前在城市內(nèi)開展無人機物流配送存在難度較大，痛點較多等問題，短期難以實現(xiàn)。
Nowadays, China's economy is transforming into a "new engine". Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) logistics distribution has the characteristics of both logistics and UAV industry. UAV application in logistics distribution has great potential. It is the major trend of logistics industry in the future. How should we deal with this situation when the trend is clear? At present, it is difficult to carry out UAV logistics distribution in cities, and there are many pain points, which is difficult to achieve in the short term.
但是如果將其先應用于受限制較少、條件較好的農(nóng)村是可行的。在農(nóng)村開展試點，逐步使無人機在農(nóng)村物流配送領域得到大范圍實際應用，探索盈利模式；同時不斷積累運行經(jīng)驗，形成統(tǒng)一的運行標準，使運行能力和技術標準滿足相關運行要求。這樣一是可以保持與民航業(yè)與無人機技術發(fā)展的同步、不掉隊，具備可以隨時切入市場的能力；二是可以為無人機未來進入城市積累運行經(jīng)驗，為將來大規(guī)模的復制與推廣打下堅實的基礎。
However, it is feasible to apply it to less restrictive rural areas with better conditions. The pilot project in rural areas will gradually make UAV in the field of rural logistics and distribution get a wide range of practical applications, explore profit-making mode; at the same time, constantly accumulate operational experience, form a unified operating standard, so that operational capacity and technical standards to meet the relevant operational requirements. In this way, we can keep pace with the development of civil aviation and UAV technology, and have the ability to enter the market at any time. Second, we can accumulate operational experience for UAV entering the city in the future and lay a solid foundation for large-scale replication and promotion in the future.
農(nóng)村包圍城市符合無人機物流配送在中國的發(fā)展實際，也是無人機物流配送在中國的必然道路。
Surrounding cities in rural areas accords with the actual development of UAV logistics and distribution in China, and is also the inevitable way of UAV logistics and distribution in China.
轉自物流時代周刊
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